Axis And Allies Map

European diplomatic alignments shortly before the warThe Allies of World War I or Entente Powers were the that opposed the of, the, and during the (1914–1918).By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the major were divided between the and the. The Entente was made up of, the. The Triple Alliance was originally composed of Germany, Austria–Hungary and, which remained neutral in 1914.As the war progressed, each coalition added new members. Joined the Entente in 1914.

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After proclaiming its neutrality at the beginning of the war, Italy also joined the Entente in 1915. The joined as an 'associated power' rather than an official ally. 'Associated members' included,.

The Allies sponsored several revolts in the Ottoman Empire, including the 1915, the in June 1916,. 1914 Russian poster depicting the Triple EntenteWhen the war began in 1914, the were opposed by the, formed in 1907 by the, the and the.Fighting commenced when Austria invaded on 28 July 1914, purportedly in response to the, heir to Emperor; this brought Serbia's ally into the war on 8 August and it attacked the Austrian naval base at, modern Kotor. At the same time, German troops entered neutral and as dictated by the; over 95% of Belgium was occupied but the Belgian Army held their lines on the throughout the war. This allowed Belgium to be treated as an Ally, in contrast to Luxembourg which retained control over domestic affairs but was. (from left to right):, and in VersaillesIn the East, between 7–9 August the Russians entered German on 7 August, Austrian. Joined the Entente by declaring war on Germany on 23 August, then Austria on 25 August. On 2 September, Japanese forces surrounded the German of (now Qingdao) in China and occupied German colonies in the Pacific, including the, and.Despite its membership of the, remained neutral until 23 May 1915 when it joined the Entente, declaring war on Austria but not Germany.

On 17 January 1916, capitulated and left the Entente; this was offset when Germany declared war on in March 1916, while commenced hostilities against Austria on 27 August.On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war as a co-belligerent, along with the associated allies of,. After the 1917, Russia left the Entente and agreed to a separate peace with the Central Powers with the signing of the on 3 March 1918. Romania was forced to do the same in the May 1918 but on 10 November, it repudiated the Treaty and once more declared war on the Central Powers.These changes meant the Allies who negotiated the in 1919 included France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the US; Part One of the Treaty agreed to the establishment of the on 25 January 1919. This came into being on 16 January 1920 with Britain, France, Italy and Japan as permanent members of the Executive Council; the voted against ratification of the on 19 March, thus preventing American participation.

Statistics Chart Statistics of the Allied Powers (1913) and enlisted soldiers during the warPopulation(millions)Land(million km 2)GDP($ billion)Mobilized personnelFirst Wave: 1914Russia (inc. The British Empire in 1914For much of the 19th century, Britain sought to maintain the European balance of power without formal alliances, a policy known as. This left it dangerously exposed as Europe divided into opposing power blocs and the negotiated first the 1902, then the 1904 with France. The first tangible result of this shift was British support for France against Germany in the.The continued this re-alignment with the 1907. Like the Anglo-Japanese and Entente agreements, it focused on settling colonial disputes but by doing so paved the way for wider co-operation and allowed Britain to refocus resources in response to.

The 1902, 1904 and 1907 agreements with Japan, France and Russia allowed Britain to refocus resources during the.Since control of Belgium allowed an opponent to threaten invasion or blockade British trade, preventing it was a long-standing British strategic interest. Under Article VII of the 1839, Britain guaranteed Belgian neutrality against aggression by any other state, by force if required. Chancellor later dismissed this as a 'scrap of paper,' but British law officers routinely confirmed it as a binding legal obligation and its importance was well understood by Germany.The 1911 led to secret discussions between France and Britain in case of war with Germany. These agreed that within two weeks of its outbreak, a of 100,000 men would be landed in France; in addition, the would be responsible for the, the and protecting Northern France, with the French navy concentrated in the. Britain was committed to support France in a war against Germany but this was not widely understood outside government or the upper ranks of the military.As late as 1 August, a clear majority of the Liberal government and its supporters wanted to stay out of the war. While Liberal leaders and considered Britain legally and morally committed to support France regardless, waiting until Germany triggered the 1839 Treaty provided the best chance of preserving Liberal party unity.

Canadian Army recruitment posterThe German high command was aware entering Belgium would lead to British intervention but decided the risk was acceptable; they expected a short war while their ambassador in London claimed troubles in Ireland would prevent Britain from assisting France. On 3 August, Germany demanded unimpeded progress through any part of Belgium and when this was refused, invaded early on the morning of 4 August.This changed the situation; the invasion of Belgium consolidated political and public support for the war by presenting what appeared to be a simple moral and strategic choice. The Belgians asked for assistance under the 1839 Treaty and in response, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. Although Germany's violation of Belgium neutrality was not the only cause of British entry into the war, it was used extensively in government propaganda at home and abroad to make the case for British intervention. This confusion arguably persists today.The declaration of war automatically involved all dominions and colonies and protectorates of the, many of whom made significant contributions to the Allied war effort, both in the provision of troops and civilian labourers. It was split into administered by the in London, such as, and the self-governing of,. These controlled their own domestic policies and military expenditure but not foreign policy.

Indian soldiers of the on the, winter of 1914–15In terms of population, the largest component (after Britain herself) was the or British India, which included modern,. Unlike other colonies which came under the, it was governed directly by the or by to the British; it also controlled British interests in the, such as the.

Over one million soldiers of the served in different theatres of the war, primarily France and the.From 1914–1916, overall Imperial diplomatic, political and military strategy was controlled by the in London; in 1917 it was superseded by the, which included representatives from the Dominions. Under the War Cabinet were the, responsible for all Imperial ground forces, and the that did the same for the. Theatre commanders like on the or in then reported to the CIGS.After the Indian Army, the largest individual units were the and in France, which by 1918 were commanded by their own generals,. Contingents from South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland served in theatres including France, and the Middle East.

Australian troops separately occupied, with the South Africans doing the same in; this resulted in the by former Boers, which was quickly suppressed. After the war, New Guinea and South-West Africa became, held until 1975 and 1990 respectively.Russian Empire. Russian troops marching to the frontBetween 1873–1887, Russia was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary in the, then with Germany in the 1887–1890; both collapsed due to the competing interests of Austria and Russia in the. While France took advantage of this to agree the 1894, Britain viewed Russia with deep suspicion; in 1800, over 3,000 kilometres separated the Russian Empire and British India, by 1902, it was 30 km in some areas. This threatened to bring the two into direct conflict, as did the long-held Russian objective of gaining control of the and with it access to the British-dominated. Russian recruiting poster; the caption reads 'World on fire; Second Patriotic War'Defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War and Britain's isolation during the 1899–1902 led both parties to seek allies. The of 1907 settled disputes in Asia and allowed the establishment of the Triple Entente with France, which at this stage was largely informal.

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In 1908, Austria annexed the former Ottoman province of; Russia responded by creating the in order to prevent further Austrian expansion. In the 1912–1913, and captured most of the remaining Ottoman possessions in Europe; disputes over the division of these resulted in the, in which Bulgaria was comprehensively defeated by its former allies.Russia's industrial base and railway network had significantly improved since 1905, although from a relatively low base; in 1913, approved an increase in the Russian Army of over 500,000 men.

Although there was no formal alliance between Russia and Serbia, their close bilateral links provided Russia with a route into the crumbling Ottoman Empire, where Germany also had significant interests. Combined with the increase in Russian military strength, both Austria and Germany felt threatened by Serbian expansion; when Austria invaded Serbia on 28 July 1914, Russian Foreign Minister viewed it as an Austro-German conspiracy to end Russian influence in the Balkans.In addition to its own territory, Russia viewed itself as the defender of its fellow and on 30 July, mobilised in support of Serbia. In response, Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August, followed by Austria-Hungary on 6th; after Ottoman warships bombarded in late October, the Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914. French Republic.

French bayonet charge, 1914; huge casualties in the early months of the war had to be replaced by French colonial troops.French defeat in the 1870–1871 led to the loss of the two provinces of and the establishment of the. The suppression of the by the new regime caused deep political divisions and led to a series of bitter political struggles, such as the. As a result, aggressive nationalism or was one of the few areas to unite the French.The loss of Alsace-Lorraine deprived France of its natural defence line on the, while it was weaker demographically than Germany, whose 1911 population was 64.9 million to 39.6 in France, which had the lowest birthrate in Europe. This meant that despite their very different political systems, when Germany allowed the Reinsurance Treaty to lapse, France seized the opportunity to agree the 1894. It also replaced Germany as the primary source of financing for Russian industry and the expansion of its railway network, particularly in border areas with Germany and Austria-Hungary. French of theHowever, Russian defeat in the 1904–1905 damaged its credibility, while Britain's isolation during the meant both countries sought additional allies. This resulted in the 1904 with Britain; like the 1907, for domestic British consumption it focused on settling colonial disputes but led to informal co-operation in other areas.

By 1914, both the British army and were committed to support France in the event of war with Germany but even in the British government, very few were aware of the extent of these commitments. French artillery in action near, 1915In response to Germany's declaration of war on Russia, France issued a general mobilization in expectation of war on 2 August and on 3 August, Germany also declared war on France. Germany's ultimatum to Belgium brought Britain into the war on 4 August, although France did not declare war on Austria-Hungary until 12 August.As with Britain, France's also became part of the war; pre-1914, French soldiers and politicians advocated using French African recruits to help compensate for France's demographic weakness. From August to December 1914, the French lost nearly 300,000 dead on the Western Front, more than Britain suffered in the whole of WWII and the gaps were partly filled by colonial troops, over 500,000 of whom served on the Western Front over the period 1914–1918. Colonial troops also fought at, occupied and in West Africa and had a minor role in the Middle East, where France was the traditional protector of Christians in the Ottoman provinces of,. Empire of Japan.

Japanese troops attacking the German Treaty Port of in 1914Prior to the in 1868, Japan was a semi-feudal, largely agrarian state with few natural resources and limited technology. By 1914, it had transformed itself into a modern industrial state, with a powerful military; by defeating China in the in 1894–1895, it established itself as the primary power in East Asia and colonized the then-unified Korea and.Concerned by Russian expansion in Korea and, Britain and Japan signed the on 30 January 1902, agreeing if either were attacked by a third party, the other would remain neutral and if attacked by two or more opponents, the other would come to its aid. This meant Japan could rely on British support in a war with Russia, if either France or Germany, which also had interests in China, decided to join them. This gave Japan the reassurance needed to take on Russia in the 1905; victory established Japan in the Chinese province of. The Japanese carrier conducted the first ship-launched aerial attack in 1914.With Japan as an ally in the Far East, from 1904–1910, was able to refocus British naval resources in the to counter the threat from the. The Alliance was renewed in 1911; in 1914, Japan joined the Entente in return for German territories in the Pacific, greatly annoying the Australian government which also wanted them.On 7 August, Britain officially asked for assistance in destroying German naval units in China and Japan formally declared war on Germany on 23 August, followed by Austria-Hungary on 25th. On 2 September 1914, Japanese forces surrounded the German of, then known as Tsingtao, which surrendered on 7 November.

The simultaneously occupied German colonies in the, and, while in 1917, a Japanese naval squadron was sent to support the Allies in the.Japan's primary interest was in China and in January 1915, the Chinese government was presented with a secret ultimatum of, demanding extensive economic and political concessions. While these were eventually modified, the result was a surge of anti-Japanese nationalism in China and an economic boycott of Japanese goods.

In addition, the other Allies now saw Japan as a threat, rather than a partner, lead to tensions first with Russia, then the US after it entered the war in April 1917. Despite protests from the other Allies, after the war Japan refused to return Qingdao and the province of to China. Kingdom of Italy. Troops marching in the snow at 3,000 m altitude, 1917The 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy was renewed at regular intervals, but was compromised by conflicting objectives between Italy and Austria in the and seas.

Italian nationalists referred to Austrian-held (including and ) and as, making the Alliance so controversial that the terms were kept secret until it expired in 1915., the pro-Austrian, died on 1 July 1914, taking many of the prospects for Italian support with him. The Italian Prime Minister argued that as the Alliance was defensive in nature, Austria's aggression against Serbia and Italy's exclusion from the decision-making process meant it was not obliged to join them.His caution was understandable because France and Britain either supplied or controlled the import of most of Italy's raw materials, including 90% of its coal.

Salandra described the process of choosing a side as 'sacred egoism,' but as the war was expected to end before mid-1915 at the latest, making this decision became increasingly urgent. In line with Italy's obligations under the Triple Alliance, the bulk of the army was concentrated on Italy's border with France; in October, Pollio's replacement, was ordered to begin moving these troops to the North-Eastern one with Austria.Under the April 1915, Italy agreed to join the Entente in return for Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary and other concessions; in return, it declared war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915 as required, although not on Germany until 1916.

Italian resentment at the difference between the promises of 1915 and the actual results of the 1919 would be powerful factors in the rise of. Affiliated state combatants Kingdom of Serbia.

Main articles: andIn 1817, the became an autonomous province within the; with Russian support, it gained full independence after the 1877–1878. Many Serbs viewed Russia as protector of the in general but also specifically against Bulgaria, where Russian objectives increasingly collided with.When Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, Russia responded by creating the to prevent further Austrian expansion. Austria viewed Serbia with hostility partly due to its links with Russia, whose claim to be the protector of South Slavs extended to those within the Austro-Hungarian empire, such as the. Serbia also potentially gave Russia the ability to achieve their long-held objective of capturing and the. The Serbian Army in retreat, 1915Austria backed the and the idea of a, since this would prevent Serbian access to the Austrian-controlled.

Another exposed the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and led to the 1912–1913, with, and capturing most of the remaining Ottoman possessions in Europe. Disputes over the division of these resulted in the, in which Bulgaria was comprehensively defeated by its former allies.As a result of the 1913, Serbia increased its territory by 100% and its population by 64%. However, it now faced a hostile Austria-Hungary, a resentful Bulgaria and opposition by Albanian nationalists. Germany too had ambitions in the Ottoman Empire, the centrepiece being the planned, with Serbia the only section not controlled by a pro-German state.The exact role played by Serbian officials in the is still debated but despite complying with most of their demands, Austria-Hungary invaded on 28 July 1914.

While Serbia successfully repulsed the Austro-Hungarian army in 1914, it was exhausted by the two Balkan Wars and unable to replace its losses of men and equipment. In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and by the end of the year, a combined Bulgar-Austrian-German army occupied most of Serbia.

Between 1914–1918, Serbia suffered the greatest proportional losses of any combatant, with over 25% of all those mobilised becoming casualties; including civilians and deaths from disease, over 1.2 million died, nearly 30% of the entire population.Kingdom of Belgium In 1830, the southern provinces of the Netherlands broke away to form the and their independence was confirmed by the 1839. Article VII of the Treaty required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral and committed Austria, France, Germany and Russia to guarantee that against aggression by any other state, including the signatories.

Belgian Congolese Force Publique troops in, 1916While the French and German militaries accepted Germany would almost certainly violate Belgian neutrality in the event of war, the extent of that was unclear. The original only required a limited incursion into the Belgian, rather than a full-scale invasion; in September 1911, the Belgian Foreign Minister told a British Embassy official they would not call for assistance if the Germans limited themselves to that. While neither Britain or France could allow Germany to occupy Belgium unopposed, a Belgian refusal to ask for help would complicate matters for the, which contained a significant isolationist element.However, the key German objective was to avoid war on two fronts; France had to be defeated before Russia could fully mobilise and give time for German forces to be transferred to the East.

The growth of the Russian railway network and increase in speed of mobilisation made rapid victory over France even more important; to accommodate the additional 170,000 troops approved by the 1913 Army Bill, the 'incursion' now became a full-scale invasion. The Germans accepted the risk of British intervention; in common with most of Europe, they expected it to be a short war while their London Ambassador claimed civil war in Ireland would prevent Britain from assisting its Entente partners.On 3 August, a German ultimatum demanded unimpeded progress through any part of Belgium, which was refused.

Early on the morning of 4 August, the Germans invaded and the Belgian government called for British assistance under the 1839 Treaty; by the end of 1914, over 95% of the country was occupied but the Belgian Army held their lines on the throughout the war.In the, 25,000 Congolese troops plus an estimated 260,000 porters joined British forces in the 1916. By 1917, they controlled the western part of which would become the Belgian of or modern-day. Republic of the United States of Brazil.

Brazilian soldiers in World War IBrazil entered the war in 1917 after the United States intervened on the basis of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare sinking its merchant ships, which Brazil also cited as a reason to enter the war fighting against Germany and the Central Powers. The sent the Naval Division in War Operations that joined the British fleet in and made the first Brazilian naval effort in international waters. In compliance with the commitments made at the, held in Paris from 20 November to 3 December 1917, the Brazilian Government sent a medical mission composed of civilian and military surgeons to work in field hospitals of the European theater, a contingent of sergeants and officers to serve with the; Airmen from the Army and Navy to join the, and the employment of part of the Fleet, primarily in the anti-submarine war.Kingdom of Greece.

A unit of the on its way to the front in 1918Greece almost doubled in size as a result of the of 1912 and 1913, but success masked deep divisions within the political elite. In 1908, the island of, formally part of the but administered by Greek officials, declared union with Greece, led by the charismatic nationalist. A year later, young army officers formed the Military League to advocate for an aggressive and expansionist foreign policy; with their backing, Venizelos won a majority in the 1910 Parliamentary elections, followed by another in 1912. He had effectively broken the power of the pre-1910 political class and his position was then further strengthened by success in the Balkan Wars.In 1913, the Greek monarch was assassinated; he was succeeded by his son who had attended, served in a Prussian regiment and married, sister of Emperor. These links and a belief the Central Powers would win the war combined to make Constantine pro-German. Venizelos himself favoured the Entente, partly due to their ability to block the maritime trade routes required for Greek imports.

Colonel of the interrogates Bulgarian prisoners, September 1918Other issues adding complexity to this decision included disputes with Bulgaria and Serbia over the regions of and as well as control of the. Greece captured most of the islands during the Balkan Wars but Italy occupied the in 1912 and was in no hurry to give them back, while the Ottomans demanded the return of many others. In general, the Triple Entente favoured Greece, the Triple Alliance backed the Ottomans; Greece ultimately gained the vast majority but Italy did not cede the Dodecanese until 1947, while others remain even today.As a result, Greece initially remained neutral but in March 1915, the Entente offered concessions to join the campaign. Arguments over whether to accept led to the, with an Entente-backed administration under Venizelos in Crete, and a Royalist one led by Constantine in that supported the Central Powers.In September 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; in October, Venizelos allowed Entente forces to land at to support the Serbs, although they were too late to prevent their defeat. In August 1916, Bulgarian troops advanced into Greek-held Macedonia and Constantine ordered the army not to resist; anger at this led to a coup and he was eventually forced into exile in June 1917. A new national government under Venizelos joined the Entente, while the Greek fought with the Allies on the.Kingdom of Montenegro. Accepts the surrender of Scutari, April 1913; Montenegro's major gain from the Balkan War, it was relinquished several months later.Unlike Serbia, with whom it shared close cultural and political connections, the gained little from its participation in the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars.

The main Montenegrin offensive was in, where it suffered heavy losses during the seven month. Austria-Hungary opposed Serb or Montenegrin control of Albania, since it provided access to the; despite Scutari's surrender, Montenegro was forced to relinquish it by the and it became capital of the short-lived.

This was largely an Austrian creation; the new ruler, was a German who was forced into exile in September, only seven months after taking up his new position and later served with the Austrian army. Montenegrin soldiers leaving for the front, October 1914In addition to the lack of substantive gains from the Balkan Wars, there were long-running internal divisions between those who like preferred an independent Montenegro and those who advocated union with Serbia. In July 1914, Montenegro was not only militarily and economically exhausted, but also faced a multitude of political, economic and social issues.At meetings held in March 1914, Austria-Hungary and Germany agreed union with Serbia must be prevented; Montenegro could either remain independent or be divided, its coastal areas becoming part of Albania, while the rest could join Serbia.Nicholas seriously considered neutrality as a way to preserve his dynasty and on 31 July notified the Russian Ambassador Montenegro would only respond to an Austrian attack. He also held discussions with Austria, proposing neutrality or even active support in return for territorial concessions in Albania.However, close links between the Serbian and Montenegrin militaries as well as popular sentiment meant there was little support for remaining neutral, especially after Russia joined the war; on 1 August, the National Assembly declared war on Austria-Hungary in fulfilment of its obligations to Serbia. After some initial success, in January 1916, the Montenegrin Army was forced to surrender to an Austro-Hungarian force.Emirate of Nejd and Hasa The agreed to enter the war as an ally of Britain in the on 26 December 1915.

Idrisid Emirate of Asir The participated in the Arab revolt. Its Emir, signed an agreement with the British and joined the Allies in May 1915.Principality of Andorra declared war on Germany in 1914, but did not take part directly in the fighting. Some Andorran volunteers participated in the French Foreign Legion. Kingdom of Romania. Main article:The declared war on Germany in April 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated US neutrality by attacking international shipping with its campaign. The remotely connected of the same period, within which the Germans promised to help Mexico regain some of its territory nearly seven decades before in the event of the United States entering the war, was.

As an 'associated power', rather than a formal ally of and the, in order to avoid 'foreign entanglements'. Although the and severed relations with the United States, neither declared war, nor did.

Eventually, however, the United States also in December 1917, predominantly to help hard-pressed Italy.Non-state combatants Three non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to the peace treaties:. and: seceded from the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and fought against the Ottoman Empire.: armed by France, Italy and RussiaAdditionally, there were also several. Most of these, except for the uprisings of August 1917, were not supported by any of the allied powers. Russian High Command. –, and (until 15 March 1917). – Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 – 5 September 1916) and viceroy in the.

– (1 August 1914 – 2 February 1916). – (2 February 1916 – 23 November 1916). – (23 November 1916 – 27 December 1916). – (27 December 1916 – 9 January 1917).

– Commander of the for the invasion of (1 August 1914 – 29 August 1914). – Commander of the for the invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 – November 1914). – Commander of the on the Southwestern Front, (1 August 1914 – March 1916) responsible for much of the action in. A pie-chart showing the military deaths of the Allied PowersThese are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914–1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller.

Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved.Allied powerMobilized personnelMilitary fatalitiesWounded in actionTotal casualtiesCasualties as% of total mobilisedAustralia412,95361,928 (14.99%)152,12%Belgium267,00038,172 (14.29%)44,1%Brazil1,713100 (5.84%)01005.84%Canada628,96464,944 (10.32%)149,74%France8,410,0001,397,800 (16.62%)4,266,0005,663,80067%Greece230,00026,000 (11.30%)21,0%India1,440,43774,187 (5.15%)69,20%Italy5,615,000651,010 (11.59%)953,8861,604,89629%Japan800,000415 (0.05%)9071,322. Further information:. Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (2002). Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900–1918 (1997); despite the title covers entire war;.

Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history. Gooch, G. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomacy (1940), 475pp; summarizes memoirs of major participants. Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003); historiography, stressing military themes.

Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War (1995). Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004). Trask, David F.

The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917–1918 (1961). Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 volumes) (2005); online at eBook.com.

Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999).

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